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GE通用电气公司其他介绍

From:百度百科 | author:cyzx1130 | Release :2021-11-22 | 2721 view: | Share:
管理体制
改革体制


由于通用电气公司经营多样化,品种规格繁杂,市场竞争激烈,它在企业组织管理方面也积极从事改革。50年代初,该公司就完全采用了“分权的事业部制”。当时,整个公司一共分为20个事业部。每个事业部各自独立经营,单独核算。以后随着时间的推移,企业经营的需要,该公司对组织机构不断进行调整。1963年,当波契(Boych)接任董事长时,公司的组织机构共计分为5个集团组、25个分部和110个部门。当时公司销售正处于停滞时期,五年内销售额大约只有50亿美元。到1967年以后,公司的经营业务增长迅速,几乎每一个集团组的销售额都达16亿美元。波契认为业务扩大之后,原有的组织机构已不能适应。于是把5个集团组扩充到10个,把25个分部扩充到50个,110个部门扩充到170个。他还改组了领导机构的成员,指派了8个新的集团总经理、33个分部经理和100个新的部门领导。同时还成立了由5人组成的董事会,他们的职责是监督整个公司,并为公司制定比较长期的基本战略。
战略事业单位

在60年代末,通用电气公司在市场上遇到威斯汀豪斯电气公司的激烈竞争,公司财政一直在赤字上摇摆。公司的*高领导为力挽危机,于1971年在企业管理体制上采取了一种新的战略性措施,即在事业部内设立“战略事业单位”。这种“战略事业单位”是独立的组织部门,可以在事业部内有选择地对某些产品进行单独管理,以便事业部将人力物力能够机动有效地集中分配使用,对各种产品、销售、设备和组织编制出严密的有预见性的战略计划。这种“战略事业单位”可以和集团组相平;也可以相当于分部的水平,例如医疗系统、装置组成部分和化学与冶金等;还有些是相当于部门的水平如碳化钨工具和工程用塑料。通用电气公司的领导集团很重视建立“战略事业单位”,认为它是“十分有意义的步骤”,对公司的发展是一个“重要的途径”,1971年,该公司在销售额和利润额方面都创出了纪录。从该公司60年代到70年代中迅速发展的情况看,这项措施确乎也起了不少作用。从1966年到1976年的11年中,通用电气公司的销售额增长了一倍,由71.77亿美元增加到156.97亿美元;纯利润由3.39亿美元增加到9.31亿美元。同时期内的固定资产总额由27.57亿美元上升到69.55亿美元。
2015年, 通用电气公司现任 CEO杰夫·伊梅尔特(Jeff Immelt) 宣布成立 “通用电气数字部门” (GE Digital)[3]  ,将公司内部的所有数字职能整合到一个部门,更好地将软件和分析技术糅合到工业产品中去。通用电气预计,公司今年实现软件和分析应收60亿美元,并计划在2020年跻身全球10大软件公司。
重新集权化


70年代中期,美国经济又出现停滞,通用电气公司于1972年接任为董事长的琼(Jones),担心到80年代可能会出现比较长期的经济不景气,到1977年底他又进一步改组公司的管理体制,从1978年1月实行“执行部制”,也就是“超事业部制”。这种体制就是在各个事业部上再建立一些“超事业部”,来统辖和协调各事业部的活动,也就是在事业部的上面又多了一级管理。这样,一方面使*高领导机构可以减轻日常事务工作,便于集中力量掌握有关企业发展的决策性战略计划;一方面也增强了企业的灵活性。在改组后的体制中,董事长琼斯和两名副董事长组成*高领导机构执行局,专管长期战略计划,负责和**打交道,以及研究税制等问题。执行局下面设5个“执行部”(即“超事业部”,包括消费类产品服务执行部、工业产品零件执行部、电力设备执行部、国际执行部、技术设备材料执行部),每个执行部由一名副总经理负责。执行部下共设有9个总部(集团),50个事业部,49个战略事业单位。各事业部的日常事务,以至有关市场、产品、技术、顾客等方面的战略决策,以前都必须向公司*高领导机构报告,分别由两位副董事长领导。此外,财务、人事和法律3个参谋部门直接由董事长领导。
建立网络系统


通用电气公司在企业管理中广泛应用电子计算机后,建立了一个网络系统,大大加速了工作效率。这个网络系统把分布在49个州的65个销售部门、分布在11个州的18个产品仓库,以及分布在21个州的40个制造部门(共53个制造厂)统统连接起来。在顾客打电话来订货时,销售人员就把数据输入这个网络系统,它就自动进行下一系列工作:如查询顾客的信用状况,并查询在就近的仓库有无这种产品的存货,在这两点得到肯定的回答以后,这个网络系统就同时办理接受订货、开发票、登记仓库账目,如果必要,还同时向工厂发出补充仓库存货的生产调度命令,然后通知销售人员顾客所需货物已经发货。这全部过程在不到15秒种的时间内即可完成。还有一点值得注意的是,除了办事速度快以外,这个网络系统实际上已把销售、存货管理、生产调度等不同的职能结合在一起了。
科研组织体制


同样,美国通用电气公司也非常重视科研工作,而且已有悠久的历史。从公司成立后的第二年,就有一位德国青年数学家斯坦梅兹搞科研工作,1900年即成立实验室。据1970年《美国工业研究所》报道,该公司共有207个研究部门,其中包括一个研究与发展中心,206个产品研究部门。共有科研人员17,200余人,占公司职工总人数的4%。
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