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未来科研仪器共享如何实现双赢

From:中国传动网 | author:kongjiangauto | Release :2021-11-22 | 268 view: | Share:
未来科研仪器共享如何实现双赢

我国大型科研仪器设备、特别是尖端的科研仪器设备的共享率不是很高,存在科研仪器资源闲置和浪费的现象。

借助互联网的力量,科技资源相比过去有了更多共享利用的可能性。

近日,国务院总理李克强主持召开国务院常务会议,讨论通过《关于强化实施创新驱动发展战略进一步推进大众创业万众创新深入发展的意见》(以下简称《意见》)。《意见》指出,要把“双创”推向更大范围、更高层次、更深程度,营造融合、协同、共享的“双创”生态环境。为优化“双创”服务,再一次明确提出“推动财政资金购置的仪器设备向社会开放”。一方面,中小微企业特别是科技型初创企业,由于早期资金实力有限,难以自行购买研发创新所必需的先进仪器设备,创新能力的发挥受到了限制;另一方面,财政资金购置的很多仪器设备,存在不同程度的闲置浪费现象。

仪器设备

事实上,这已经不是“仪器共享”第一次出现在**文件中。为解决科研仪器闲置问题、实现资源充分利用,为企业科技创新能力和创新服务提供支撑,近年来国家对“仪器共享”工作越来越重视,连续出台相关指导文件,要求加快推进科研设施与仪器向社会开放。

现状不容乐观

“从我个人了解到的信息来看,我国大型科研仪器设备特别是尖端的科研仪器设备的共享率不是很高,存在科研仪器资源闲置和浪费的现象。”中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院副研究员杨国梁在接受《中国科学报》记者采访时表示。

根据相关数据,65.9%的仪器年有效工作机时小于标准机时,其中又有60.8%的仪器年有效工作机时不到标准机时的1/2。

很多学者和决策部门将共享作为大型仪器使用效率低下的解决方案。这样一方面可以减少仪器的重复购置,降低仪器购置增量;另一方面可以扩大现有仪器的使用范围,提高存量仪器的使用率。

基于此种考虑,2004年国家启动“科技基础体系平台”建设项目,逐步形成了以全国大型科学仪器设备协作共用网为代表的通用仪器设备开放共享体系、以国家大型科学仪器中心为代表的中高端仪器设备开放共享体系、以国家重大基础设施为代表的尖端仪器设备开放共享体系和以国家重点实验室、各高等学校和科研院所为代表的合作研究体系等四种框架模式。

不过遗憾的是相关研究显示,大型科研仪器的共享情况仍不容乐观。只有43%的大型科研仪器提供对外服务,其中27.9%的大型科研仪器对外服务机时超过标准机时的1/10。

助推共享经济

随着“互联网+”逐渐进入社会生活的方方面面,共享经济成为近两年的热词。借助互联网的力量,科技资源相比过去有了更大共享利用的可能性。以“易科学”为代表的科学仪器共享与研发服务互联网平台开始崭露头角,成为科技服务领域的共享经济代表。

“目前,我国大型仪器的共享主要还是体现在课题组或者是熟人之间的共享,呈体系化的共享目前还不是非常成熟。许多科研仪器共享平台都是本单位内的区域性的共享。”易科学创始人孙磊告诉《中国科学报》记者,易科学所从事的仪器共享服务是跨地域的,“各个学校的平台提供的服务是比较有限的,易科学除了帮需要科研仪器做实验的人找到仪器以外,还有很多市场和销售的增值服务,这是前者所不具备的。”

杨国梁也认为,大型科研仪器的共享可以有多种途径,比如大学的科研仪器共享平台,或者在“互联网+”背景下产生的共享企业等。

“从设备持有方来说,应该更多、更好地去宣传自己的仪器,让更多的人了解仪器本身及通过何种方式可以共享,共享之后有什么权责利,使用仪器后产生的成果如何体现科研仪器在其中的贡献等。”杨国梁提示,随着“双创”的不断推进深入,很多科技型初创企业有对大型科研仪器或仪器共享平台的需求,但未必了解相关的信息。“所以通过‘互联网+’搭建科研仪器共享平台是与广泛的用户联系起来的一个接口,制度建设和政策也需要有相应的配套。”

尚有制约因素

孙磊坦言,现在制约大型科研仪器设备共享的因素还是在制度方面,“缺乏好的利益分配方式”。

“大型科研仪器的所有权在高校或科研院所,但使用权和管理权在具体的课题组。”杨国梁解释道,这种所有权和使用权的分离会产生仪器共享过程中的成果分配问题。“如果没有相应的激励机制或者成果分配的机制,从课题组的角度来讲积极性就会大大削弱。”

从国际经验来看,发达国家一般有专门针对大型科研仪器的资助基金,有些仪器资助项目为提高共享,还特别规定需要2~3名得到研究资助的学者共同发起才具有申请资格。

“国外的这种做法也是很好的经验,从仪器专项资金的设计之初就考虑到了共享的问题,比如大致有多少共享的用户,才可以去购置。”杨国梁认为,设立专项资金在某种程度上可以提高大型仪器的使用效率,“有一些课题组为了把项目预算中购置科研仪器的经费花掉,买的科研仪器放在楼道里长期闲置,有的甚至连包装都没有拆”。

孙磊相信,未来大型仪器的所有权和使用权很可能会有更好的设计,“这样对科研仪器的共享,特别是作为国有单位的固定资产的大型科研仪器的盘活产生积极作用”。

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