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DCS控制系统工程应用的抗干扰设计

From: | author:kongjiangauto | Release :2021-11-22 | 243 view: | Share:

DCS控制系统工程应用的抗干扰设计


  　为了保证系统在工业电磁环境中免受或减少内外电磁干扰，必须从设计阶段开始便采取三个方面抑制措施：抑制干扰源；切断或衰减电磁干扰的传播途径；提高装置和系统的抗干扰能力。这三点就是抑制电磁干扰的基本原则。


 　 DCS控制系统的抗干扰是一个系统工程，要求制造单位设计生产出具有较强抗干扰能力的产品，且有赖于使用部门在工程设计、安装施工和运行维护中予以全面考虑，并结合具有情况进行综合设计，才能保证系统的电磁兼容性和运行可靠性。进行具体工程的抗干扰设计时，应主要以下两个方面。


　　1 设备选型


  　在选择设备时，首先要选择有较高抗干扰能力的产品，其包括了电磁兼容性（EMC），尤其是抗外部干扰能力，如采用浮地技术、隔离性能好的DCS系统；其次还应了解生产厂给出的抗干扰指标，如共模拟制比、差模拟制比，耐压能力、允许在多大电场强度和多高频率的磁场强度环境中工作；另外是靠考查其在类似工作中的应用实绩。在选择国外进口产品要注意：我国是采用220V高内阻电网制式，而欧美地区是110V低内阻电网。由于我国电网内阻大，零点电位漂移大，地电位变化大，工业企业现场的电磁干扰至少要比欧美地区高4倍以上，对系统抗干扰性能要求更高，在国外能正常工作的DCS产品在国内工业就不一定能可靠运行，这就要在采用国外产品时，按我国的标准（GBT13926）合理选择。


　　2 综合抗干扰设计


  　主要考虑来自系统外部的几种如果抑制措施。主要内容包括：对DCS系统及外引线进行屏蔽以防空间辐射电磁干扰；对外引线进行隔离、滤波，特别是原理动力电缆，分层布置，以防通过外引线引入传导电磁干扰；正确设计接地点和接地装置，完善接地系统。另外还必须利用软件手段，进一步提高系统的安全可靠性。


　　四、主要抗干扰措施


　　1 采用性能优良的电源，抑制电网引入的干扰


  　在DCS控制系统中，电源占有极重要的地位。电网干扰串入DCS控制系统主要通过DCS系统的供电电源（如CPU 电源、IO电源等）、变送器供电电源和与DCS系统具有直接电气连接的仪表供电电源等耦合进入的。现在，对于DCS系统供电的电源，一般都采用隔离性能较好电源，而对于变送器供电的电源和DCS系统有直接电气连接的仪表的供电电源，并没受到足够的重视，虽然采取了一定的隔离措施，但普遍还不够，主要是使用的隔离变压器分布参数大，抑制干扰能力差，经电源耦合而串入共模干扰、差模干扰。所以，对于变送器和共用信号仪表供电应选择分布电容小、抑制带大（如采用多次隔离和屏蔽及漏感技术）的配电器，以减少DCS系统的干扰。


  　此外，位保证电网馈点不中断，可采用在线式不间断供电电源（UPS）供电，提高供电的安全可靠性。并且UPS还具有较强的干扰隔离性能，是一种DCS控制系统的理想电源。


　　2 电缆选择的敖设


  　为了减少动力电缆辐射电磁干扰，尤其是变频装置馈电电缆。笔者在某工程中，采用了铜带铠装屏蔽电力电缆，从而降低了动力线生产的电磁干扰，该工程投产后取得了满意的效果。


  不同类型的信号分别由不同电缆传输，信号电缆应按传输信号种类分层敖设，严禁用同一电缆的不同导线同时传送动力电源和信号，避免信号线与动力电缆靠近平行敖设，以减少电磁干扰。


　　3 硬件滤波及软件抗干扰措施


  　信号在接入计算机前，在信号线与地间并接电容，以减少共模干扰；在信号两极间加装滤波器可减少差模干扰。


  　由于电磁干扰的复杂性，要根本消除迎接干扰影响是不可能的，因此在DCS控制系统的软件设计和组态时，还应在软件方面进行抗干扰处理，进一步提高系统的可靠性。常用的一些措施：数字滤波和工频整形采样，可有效消除周期性干扰；定时校正参考点电位，并采用动态零点，可有效防止电位漂移；采用信息冗余技术，设计相应的软件标志位；采用间接跳转，设置软件陷阱等提高软件结构可靠性。


　　4 正确选择接地点，完善接地系统


 　 接地的目的通常有两个，其一为了安全，其二是为了抑制干扰。完善的接地系统是DCS控制系统抗电磁干扰的重要措施之一。


  　系统接地方式有：浮地方式、直接接地方式和电容接地三种方式。对DCS控制系统而言，它属高速低电平控制装置，应采用直接接地方式。由于信号电缆分布电容和输入装置滤波等的影响，装置之间的信号交换频率一般都低于1MHz，所以DCS控制系统接地线采用一点接地和串联一点接地方式。集中布置的DCS系统适于并联一点接地方式，各装置的柜体中心接地点以单独的接地线引向接地极。如果装置间距较大，应采用串联一点接地方式。用一根大截面铜母线（或绝缘电缆）连接各装置的柜体中心接地点，然后将接地母线直接连接接地极。接地线采用截面大于22mm2的铜导线，总母线使用截面大于60mm2的铜排。接地极的接地电阻小于2Ω，接地极*好埋在距建筑物10 ~ 15m远处，而且DCS系统接地点必须与强电设备接地点相距10m以上。


  　信号源接地时，屏蔽层应在信号侧接地；不接地时，应在DCS侧接地；信号线中间有接头时，屏蔽层应牢固连接并进行绝缘处理，一定要避免多点接地；多个测点信号的屏蔽双绞线与多芯对绞总屏电缆连接时，各屏蔽层应相互连接好，并经绝缘处理。选择适当的接地处单点接点。
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